系列推文（2）：棕地开发的环境和规划立法要求 The Series of Tweets (2): Environmental Imperative to Develop Brownfield Sites and Requirement for Planning Legislation
2020年3月13日
彼得先生针对第二部分进行讲解
Peter speaks on part 2
城市化与棕地的关系 Urbanization & Brownfield
在过去的35年里，全球人口的城市化，特别是中国人口的城市化，使得城市棕地的优化利用成为必要。
The urbanisation of populations across the world and specifically in China over the last 35 years necessitates the optimisation of use of Brownfield Sites in cities.
英国与中国穿越时空的人口对比
The Time-traveling Population of Britain and China
在1800年的英格兰，只有10%的人口居住在城市，但今天这个数字已经达到了90%。20世纪50年代，中国只有10%的人口居住在城市，但现在这个数字已经超过了世界平均水平，如下图所示
In England in 1800 only 10% of its population lived in cities but today that figure is now 90%. China in the 1950’s had only 10% of its population living in cities but now that figure has risen to above the world average as the graph here shows below.
北京棕地项目 Beijing Brownfield Project
下图是赫斯科Haskoll在北京五环上的一个项目，该项目将一个大型石油化工厂转化为一个新的以娱乐、戏剧和艺术为基础的城市公园。
Here is an example of one of Haskoll’s projects on Beijing’s 5th ring road for the conversion of a large petro chemical works to a new urban park based on entertainment, theatre and arts based uses.
棕地定义 Definition of Brownfield
棕地被定义为“被永久性结构占用的土地，包括开发土地的宅邸和任何相关的固定表面基础设施。” 英国对棕地的政策从此发展起来: 1998年，英国政府制定了一个全国目标，60%的新开发项目将用于建在棕地上。
Brownfield land is defined as 'Land which is or was occupied by a permanent structure, including the curtilage of the developed land and any associated fixed surface infrastructure. UK policy for Brownfield land has since developed: In 1998 the UK Government set a national target for 60% of all new developments to be built on brownfield land.
英国诺丁汉市项目 Nottingham Project, UK
下图是英国诺丁汉市赫斯科Haskoll的项目，该项目将旧的多层停车场重新开发为混合用途的高密度项目，其中包括商店，公共停车场和住宅，以及对城市道路系统进行改造。通过改造允许了新的公共交通系统协调公交车和新的电车系统。
Here is example of a Haskoll project in the UK in the city of Nottingham where an old multistory car park has been redeveloped into a mixed use high density project which includes shops, public car parking, and residential as well as enabling a modification of the cities road system to allow for a new public transport system that coordinates buses and a new tram system.
棕地发展挑战与机遇 Challenges & Opportunities of Brownfield
棕地的发展，尤其是过去曾遭受重工业和污染的场地，面临的重大挑战是净化成本。政府立法和有时资金是对这些场地是否能成功开发起决定性作用的。
A significant challenge to the development of brownfield sites and particularly if they have been subject to heavy industry and pollution in the past is the cost of decontamination. This is where government legislation and sometimes funding are critical to the successful development of these sites.
特别分享
棕地污染知多少知识大比拼！
污染的7种不同形式：
Contamination can be present in 7 different forms:
威胁人类健康 Threats to human health.
破坏动植物关系 Damage to flora and fauna.
污染地下水源 Contamination of ground water.
破坏基础和结构 Damage to foundations and structures.
引发沉降 Settlement.
引发坍塌 Subsidence.
污染向临近土地迁移 Migration of contaminants to adjacent land.
污染的主要类型：
The main types of contaminant are:
有毒或致癌的化学品，如氰化物、汞和苯
Toxic or carcinogenic chemicals such as cyanide, arsenic, mercury and benzene.
有毒或有害的金属，如铅、铬、镍、铜、镉和锌
Toxic or phytotoxic metals such as lead, chromium, nickel, copper, cadmium and zinc.
有机污染物，如油、溶剂和酚类
Organic contaminants such as oils, solvents and phenols.
腐蚀性物质，如酸类和硫酸盐
Corrosive substances such as acids and sulphates.
易燃、有毒或者窒息的气体，如甲烷、硫化氢和二氧化碳
Flammable, toxic or asphyxiating gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide.
可燃材料
Combustible material.
石棉
Asbestos.
放射性物质
Radioactive substances.
赫斯科多次获奖 Haskoll Won Many Awards
下图是英国赫斯科Haskoll在一个城市中心项目中工作的例子，该项目为伦敦的卫星城创建了一个新的公共空间。此后，该项目在公共领域空间和城市发展方面获得了许多奖项。
This is an example that Haskoll UK worked on for a city centre project creating a new public space for a satellite town to London swhich has since won many awards for public realm space and urban development.
棕地雷丁城的复兴 The Rejuvenation of Reading, UK
它以前是一个公共汽车存储和维修站，有一条肮脏且被污染的运河，一个被严重污染的棕地，并且不向公众开放。经过净化和精美的设计后，这是一个充满活力的城市中心空间，被广泛使用，并在社会和商业上成功地改善了该城市人们的生活和工作方式。
It had previously been a bus storage and maintenance depot with a dirty and polluted canal, a heavily polluted brownfield site and out of bounds to the public. After decontamination and beautiful design, it is a vibrant town centre space intensively used and successful socially and commercially improving the lifestyle of the people living and working in that city.